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Öğe Anatomical Variations of the Musculocutaneous Nerve in the Human Fetus(Elsevier Science Inc, 2023) Erturk, Hanife; Seyaz, Mehtap; Ozturk, Kenan; Dursun, Ahmet; Kastamoni, YadigarOBJECTIVES: Knowing the motor branches and variations of the musculocutaneous nerve to the muscles along its course will facilitate the treatment of flexor spasticity and supracondylar fractures of the humerus in order to minimize nerve lesion. In fetal cadavers, the purpose of our study was to determine the number and course of the formation variations and motor branches of the musculocutaneous nerve. The significance of studying fetal nerve variations is due to injury to the brachial plexus roots during birth.METHODS: Our study was conducted using the anatomical dissection technique on 102 upper limbs from 51 fetuses ages ranged from 17 to 40 weeks. Throughout its course, the variations and motor branches of the musculocutaneous nerve were analyzed.RESULTS: In 13.7% of cases, the musculocutaneous nerve did not pierce the coracobrachialis. The musculocutaneous nerve gave the muscles 1-3 motor branches. Additionally, motor branches terminated with 1-7 fringes. The biceps brachii motor branches of the musculocutaneous nerve were typed. Accordingly, 15.6% were type 1A, 3.9% were type 1B, 35.4% were type 1C, and 19.6% were type 1D. It was determined that 23.5% of the extremities were type 2 and that 1.9% were type 3. The distance between the musculocutaneous nerve's motor branches and the acromion was proportional to the arm's length. There were no statistically significant differences between the sides and genders for any measurement.CONCLUSIONS: Our study's findings will aid in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatrics, orthopedics, surgical sciences, and radiology conditions. It reduces the risk of iatrogenic injury and postoperative complications. We also believe that our research will serve as a resource for anatomists and other scientists.Öğe Development of the extraocular muscles during the fetal period(Springer France, 2024) Bilkay, Cemil; Koyuncu, Esra; Dursun, Ahmet; Ozturk, Kenan; Ozguner, Gulnur; Tok, LeventPurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the morphometric development of the extraocular muscles in the fetal period and to create a modified Tillaux spiral.MethodsWe dissected 157 fetal eyes (82 right eyes, 75 left eyes) obtained from 79 fetuses (46 boys, 33 girls) between 13 and 40 weeks of gestation. The tendon widths of the extraocular muscles and the distances of the tendon attachment sites to the limbus were measured. Tillaux's modified spiral was created.ResultsIn addition to the rectus muscles, we added tendon widths and tendon-limbus distances of the upper (SO) and lower (IO) obliques to the modified Tillaux spiral. When tendon widths were compared between genders, no statistically significant difference was observed. When tendon widths were compared between the sides, it was determined that SO was more in the left eye, whereas other extraocular muscles were more in the right eye. There was no statistically significant difference between genders when the distances of tendon attachment sites to the limbus were compared. There was no statistically significant difference in SO and IO values between the sides. There was a statistically significant difference in the rectus muscles and this difference was found to be higher in the right eye.ConclusionWe think that the findings obtained will contribute to disciplines such as fetopathology, obstetrics, ophthalmology and plastic surgery and to future studies on this subject.Öğe Development of the orbit and eyeball during the fetal period(2023) Bilkay, Cemil; Koyuncu, Esra; Dursun, Ahmet; Öztürk, Kenan; Özgüner, Gülnur; Tok, Levent; Tok, OzlemAim: We aimed to investigate the morphometric development of the orbit and eyeball in the fetal period. Material and Methods: The present study was carried out on 136 fetal eyes (86 males, 50 females) obtained from 68 fetuses aged between 15-40 gestational weeks. In this study, the area, height, width, volume, depth, and circumference parameters of the orbit were measured, while the anteroposterior and transverse diameters, weight and volume parameters of the eyeball were measured. Also, the diameter at the place where the optic nerve enters the eyeball was measured. Results: It was determined that all parameters increased during the trimesters and there was a statistically significant difference between the trimesters in all parameters. There was no statistically significant difference in all parameters in terms of gender. In the comparison of the right and left sides, orbital area (p<0.011), orbital circumference (p<0.048) and orbital width (p<0.048) were higher on the right side. There was no difference between the parties in any of the parameters related to the eyeball (p>0.05). However, the diameter of the optic nerve was higher on the left side (p<0.001). Conclusion: The data we obtained will be very useful in evaluating the pregnancy follow-up by imaging methods such as ultrasonography or magnetic resonance, in the early diagnosis of malformations or diseases, and in planning the treatment.Öğe Fetal birth weight estimation with machine learning techniques in 15-40 weeks of pregnancy(Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi TIp Fakültesi, 2024) Dülger, Özlem; Dursun, Ahmet; Osmanoğlu, Usame ÖmerIntroduction: Accurate prediction of birth weight is crucial for both fetuses and mothers. Low birth weight (birth weight < 2500g) and high birth weight (birth weight > 4000g) can lead to high perinatal mortality rates, various complications, and both short-term and long-term health outcomes such as chronic diseases. This article aims to propose a machine-learning solution to enhance the accuracy of birth weight prediction and assist clinicians in identifying potential risks before birth. Materials and Methods: Seven hundred thirty different fetuses between weeks 15-40 were analyzed using clinical data. Nine different regression models from supervised machine learning methods, including logistic regression, support vector machine, decision t ree, elastic net regressor, lasso regressor, ridge regressor, artificial neural network, random forest, and k-nearest neighbors algorithms, were employed to predict fetal birth weights based on gestational week, maternal age, gender, and ultrasound measurements, including bipari etal diameter, abdominal circumference, and femur length. Results: Our study revealed that abdominal circumference was the most influential parameter, while gender had the least impact. The performance of the nine different algorithms in birth weight prediction was compared, and the elastic net regressor algorithm exhibited the best predictive performance. The proposed model yielded a prediction result with an average absolute error percentage of 8.87% and an average error of ±284g. A new formula for the newborn weight prediction model was developed using the elasti c net regressor machine learning method. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that the model created with the elastic net regressor algorithm can predict birth weight at any gestational age between weeks 15-40. © 2024, Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Tip Fakultesi. All rights reserved.Öğe Frequency and morphometry of the sternal foramen(Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi TIp Fakültesi, 2024) Akın, Süleyman Emre; Dursun, Ahmet; Kızıloğlu, Hüseyin Alper; Camas, Hasan Ekrem; Ayyıldız, Veysel AtillaIntroduction: The sternal foramen is a defect associated with incomplete fusion of neonatal sternal cartilage. These variations are frequently observed and usually asymptomatic. The clinical importance of sternal foramen is that if its existence is unknow n, can complicate invasive procedures and be confused with pathologies. Materials and Methods: Computed Tomography images of 500 patients were analyzed retrospectively. The sternal foramen's diameters were measured and adjacent organs were recognized. The foramen's distance from the sternum's upper and lower edges, midline, xiphoid's lowest point, and incisura jugularis were measured. Results: 54 foramen sternales were detected in 48(9.6%) patients. When the organs adjacent to foramen sternale were examined, 36(67%) heart, 7(13%) lungs, 5(9%) liver, 2(4%) diaphragm, 1(2%) stomach, 3(5%) were both heart and lung. The mean distance of th e highest point of foramen from the midsagittal line to incisura jugularis was 157.6±23.9 mm in men and 119.9±15.51 mm i n women. There was a statistically significant difference. The position of 38 male patients’ foramen with respect to the line connecting nipples was investigated, and it was determined that the highest point of foramen was on the line in 1 patient and belo w in 37 patients. Conclusion: Although the sternal foramen is an asymptomatic defect, it can confused with pathologies and may cause life-threatening complications during invasive procedures. Relevant physicians and specialists should keep in mind the p resence of sternal foramen. © 2024, Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Tip Fakultesi. All rights reserved.Öğe Morphometry of latissimus dorsi in fetal cadavers for prenatal spina bifida surgery(Turkısh Neurosurgıcal Soc, 2025) Özdemir, Berfu; Dursun, Ahmet; Kastamoni, Yadigar; Ayazoğlu, Mehtap; Şanlı Onur Can; Albay, SonerAIM: To investigate latissimus dorsi morphometry, innervation, vascularization, and variational situations in fetuses. MATERIAL and METHODS: Forty-nine fetuses, aged between 15 and 40 weeks of gestation, were examined for the morphological development of the latissimus dorsi. The horizontal lengths of the thoracolumbar fascia, the dimensions of the latissimus dorsi and its tendon were measured. Additionally, the attachments of the latissimus dorsi and the branching pattern of the thoracodorsal nerve were evaluated. The development of all measured parameters during gestational age (trimester) and their interrelationships were assessed. Data were compared across sides (right and left) and genders. RESULTS: The study found that the increase in all parameters was proportional to gestational age. No significant differences were observed between sides or genders. The latissimus dorsi was directly attached (via muscle fiber) to the iliac crest in 60.2% of cases. An 88.5% attachment rate to the inferior angle of the scapula was noted, with 4.1% of these attachments being muscular. Additionally, 9.8% of latissimus dorsi tendons were found to adhere to the teres major tendon. The thoracodorsal nerve was observed to divide into 2 to 8 branches before entering the latissimus dorsi. CONCLUSION: We believe this study will provide valuable insights into the development of intrauterine invasive fetal procedures for tendon, muscle, and nerve transfer repair and assist in determining the most appropriate timing for intervention.Öğe The appearance of external genital organs and anogenital distance in male fetal cadavers(Springer, 2025) Özgüner, Gülnur; Öztürk, Kenan; Dursun, Ahmet; Bilkay, Cemil; Sulak, OsmanThis study aimed to determine the normal size of the male external genital organs and anogenital distance in human fetuses during the fetal period through the anatomic morphometric method. The study was performed on 104 spontaneously aborted human male fetuses aged between 10 and 39 weeks of gestation. Fetuses were divided into groups according to gestational weeks, months, and trimesters. Parameters belonging to the male external genital organs were measured, including penile length and width, transverse scrotal diameter, anterior-posterior scrotal diameter, the distance from the anterior and posterior aspect of the penis to the center of the anus, and the anogenital distance. The mean of each parameter was computed by gestational weeks, months, and trimester groups, and data were presented as mean +/- standard deviation. The mean of each parameter increased with gestational age, and statistically significant differences were observed between trimester groups. A high correlation was also determined between gestational age and the parameters measured.
