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    Anatomical Variations of the Musculocutaneous Nerve in the Human Fetus
    (Elsevier Science Inc, 2023) Erturk, Hanife; Seyaz, Mehtap; Ozturk, Kenan; Dursun, Ahmet; Kastamoni, Yadigar
    OBJECTIVES: Knowing the motor branches and variations of the musculocutaneous nerve to the muscles along its course will facilitate the treatment of flexor spasticity and supracondylar fractures of the humerus in order to minimize nerve lesion. In fetal cadavers, the purpose of our study was to determine the number and course of the formation variations and motor branches of the musculocutaneous nerve. The significance of studying fetal nerve variations is due to injury to the brachial plexus roots during birth.METHODS: Our study was conducted using the anatomical dissection technique on 102 upper limbs from 51 fetuses ages ranged from 17 to 40 weeks. Throughout its course, the variations and motor branches of the musculocutaneous nerve were analyzed.RESULTS: In 13.7% of cases, the musculocutaneous nerve did not pierce the coracobrachialis. The musculocutaneous nerve gave the muscles 1-3 motor branches. Additionally, motor branches terminated with 1-7 fringes. The biceps brachii motor branches of the musculocutaneous nerve were typed. Accordingly, 15.6% were type 1A, 3.9% were type 1B, 35.4% were type 1C, and 19.6% were type 1D. It was determined that 23.5% of the extremities were type 2 and that 1.9% were type 3. The distance between the musculocutaneous nerve's motor branches and the acromion was proportional to the arm's length. There were no statistically significant differences between the sides and genders for any measurement.CONCLUSIONS: Our study's findings will aid in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatrics, orthopedics, surgical sciences, and radiology conditions. It reduces the risk of iatrogenic injury and postoperative complications. We also believe that our research will serve as a resource for anatomists and other scientists.
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    Morphometry of latissimus dorsi in fetal cadavers for prenatal spina bifida surgery
    (Turkısh Neurosurgıcal Soc, 2025) Özdemir, Berfu; Dursun, Ahmet; Kastamoni, Yadigar; Ayazoğlu, Mehtap; Şanlı Onur Can; Albay, Soner
    AIM: To investigate latissimus dorsi morphometry, innervation, vascularization, and variational situations in fetuses. MATERIAL and METHODS: Forty-nine fetuses, aged between 15 and 40 weeks of gestation, were examined for the morphological development of the latissimus dorsi. The horizontal lengths of the thoracolumbar fascia, the dimensions of the latissimus dorsi and its tendon were measured. Additionally, the attachments of the latissimus dorsi and the branching pattern of the thoracodorsal nerve were evaluated. The development of all measured parameters during gestational age (trimester) and their interrelationships were assessed. Data were compared across sides (right and left) and genders. RESULTS: The study found that the increase in all parameters was proportional to gestational age. No significant differences were observed between sides or genders. The latissimus dorsi was directly attached (via muscle fiber) to the iliac crest in 60.2% of cases. An 88.5% attachment rate to the inferior angle of the scapula was noted, with 4.1% of these attachments being muscular. Additionally, 9.8% of latissimus dorsi tendons were found to adhere to the teres major tendon. The thoracodorsal nerve was observed to divide into 2 to 8 branches before entering the latissimus dorsi. CONCLUSION: We believe this study will provide valuable insights into the development of intrauterine invasive fetal procedures for tendon, muscle, and nerve transfer repair and assist in determining the most appropriate timing for intervention.