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    Development of the extraocular muscles during the fetal period
    (Springer France, 2024) Bilkay, Cemil; Koyuncu, Esra; Dursun, Ahmet; Ozturk, Kenan; Ozguner, Gulnur; Tok, Levent
    PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the morphometric development of the extraocular muscles in the fetal period and to create a modified Tillaux spiral.MethodsWe dissected 157 fetal eyes (82 right eyes, 75 left eyes) obtained from 79 fetuses (46 boys, 33 girls) between 13 and 40 weeks of gestation. The tendon widths of the extraocular muscles and the distances of the tendon attachment sites to the limbus were measured. Tillaux's modified spiral was created.ResultsIn addition to the rectus muscles, we added tendon widths and tendon-limbus distances of the upper (SO) and lower (IO) obliques to the modified Tillaux spiral. When tendon widths were compared between genders, no statistically significant difference was observed. When tendon widths were compared between the sides, it was determined that SO was more in the left eye, whereas other extraocular muscles were more in the right eye. There was no statistically significant difference between genders when the distances of tendon attachment sites to the limbus were compared. There was no statistically significant difference in SO and IO values between the sides. There was a statistically significant difference in the rectus muscles and this difference was found to be higher in the right eye.ConclusionWe think that the findings obtained will contribute to disciplines such as fetopathology, obstetrics, ophthalmology and plastic surgery and to future studies on this subject.
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    Development of the orbit and eyeball during the fetal period
    (2023) Bilkay, Cemil; Koyuncu, Esra; Dursun, Ahmet; Öztürk, Kenan; Özgüner, Gülnur; Tok, Levent; Tok, Ozlem
    Aim: We aimed to investigate the morphometric development of the orbit and eyeball in the fetal period. Material and Methods: The present study was carried out on 136 fetal eyes (86 males, 50 females) obtained from 68 fetuses aged between 15-40 gestational weeks. In this study, the area, height, width, volume, depth, and circumference parameters of the orbit were measured, while the anteroposterior and transverse diameters, weight and volume parameters of the eyeball were measured. Also, the diameter at the place where the optic nerve enters the eyeball was measured. Results: It was determined that all parameters increased during the trimesters and there was a statistically significant difference between the trimesters in all parameters. There was no statistically significant difference in all parameters in terms of gender. In the comparison of the right and left sides, orbital area (p<0.011), orbital circumference (p<0.048) and orbital width (p<0.048) were higher on the right side. There was no difference between the parties in any of the parameters related to the eyeball (p>0.05). However, the diameter of the optic nerve was higher on the left side (p<0.001). Conclusion: The data we obtained will be very useful in evaluating the pregnancy follow-up by imaging methods such as ultrasonography or magnetic resonance, in the early diagnosis of malformations or diseases, and in planning the treatment.