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Öğe İmplementing practice-based physical education teacher education pedagogies(2025) Dervent, Fatih; Ward, Phillip; Xie, Xiuye; Tsuda, Emi; Santiago, Jose A; Ko, Bomna; Kim, Insook; Iserbyt, Peter; Devrilmez, ErhanThis article addresses a key theory-practice gap in physical education teacher education (PETE) programs that can lead to the inadequate preparation of teachers for the realities they will face in schools. To improve the relevance of traditional PETE programs, the essential elements of implementing practice-based teacher education pedagogies are presented. The article provides readers with pedagogies that focus on the authentic practices in teacher education designed to train preservice teachers to learn from their teaching, as well as to understand the nuances of teaching in varied contexts.Öğe Physical education preservice teachers' perspectives on practice-based teacher education pedagogies: Teaching rehearsals and repeated teaching(Human Kinetics Publ Inc, 2025) Tsuda, Emi; Ward, Phillip; Ko, Bomna; Santiago, Jose A.; Dervent, Fatih; Devrilmez, ErhanPurpose: The purpose of this study was to explore preservice teachers' perspectives on two practice-based teacher education pedagogies, teaching rehearsals and repeated teaching, in eight physical education teacher education programs. Method: We employed a multiple case study design. Thirty-eight preservice teachers (four to six per program) participated in the study (female, n = 20; male, n = 18; sophomore, n = 7; junior, n = 12; senior, and n = 19). A semistructured interview was conducted to collect data. The data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis, followed by magnitude coding. Results: Five themes were identified from the data: (a) improved practices in classroom management, (b) improved effectiveness in providing instructions, (c) enhanced content knowledge, (d) learning from peers, and (e) perspectives toward teaching rehearsals and repeated teaching. Discussion/Conclusion: The findings provide evidence of the acceptability of two practice-based teacher education pedagogies as teacher education practices by preservice teachers.Öğe What is the physical and mental health status of individuals playing tennis recreationally during the pandemic process?(Universidad de Murcia, 2025) Güler, Melek; Abdioğlu, MekkiThe aim of our study is to investigate the physical and psychological state of individuals who play tennis recreationally during the pandemic process. 206 individuals who have been playing tennis recreationally for at least 1 year participated in the study. As a data collection tool, demographic information questionnaire, International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), and SF-12 Brief Health Questionnaire were used. The data were analyzed in 2.0.0 Jamovi statistics program; Descriptive statistics were analyzed using Mann Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis test, and ANCOVA test. According to the findings of the study, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the physical and mental health scores of the participants according to the MET level (p>0.05). Men's physical health mean scores and women's mental health scores were higher. Physical health mean scores of non-smokers were higher than smokers, and there was a statistically significant difference in favor of non-smokers in physical health scores (p<0.05). As a result, the physical and psychological conditions of individuals who play tennis recreationally are generally at a good level. During the pandemic period individuals may be advised to play tennis. © Copyright 2025: Publication Service of the University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.Öğe The relationship between social safeness and pleasure and resilience levels among university athletes: A descriptive study(Public Library Science, 2025) Temel, Veysel; Özçelik, Nurhan HümeyraThis study investigates the correlation between social safeness and pleasure and resilience among university students engaged in sports. A total of 350 participants (mean age, 21.09 +/- 3.12 years), comprising 239 females and 111 males, were included in the sample. Data collection utilized the "Social Safeness and Pleasure and Resilience Scales". Normality of data was assessed using skewness and kurtosis tests, confirming normal distribution. Pairwise comparisons were conducted using t-tests, multiple comparisons via one-way ANOVA, and relationship analysis employed Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Findings indicate participants scored above mid-level on the social safeness and pleasure scale (Mean = 2.6), and resilience scale (Mean = 3.7). Specifically, social support dimension mean score was above mid-level (Mean = 4.01), emotional coping (Mean = 3.4), and situational coping (Mean = 3.8). Pearson Product Moment Correlation revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between social safeness and pleasure scale scores and resilience scale scores (r = .652, p < .001). This descriptive study sheds light on the interplay between social and emotional factors and resilience among university athletes.Öğe The predictive effect of basic military training and general health status on sleep quality(Via Medica, 2023) Güler, Melek; Öztürk, Emsal; Yanar, NazlıBackground: Military universities and academies affiliated with the law enforcement provide education for students who are physically and psychologically suitable for this field, unlike other university educations. This education can affect general health because it requires discipline and special effort both practically and theoretically. In this context, the aim of our study is to examine the general health status of military students in terms of some variables. Materials and methods: One hundred twenty-two male students studying at the Gendarmerie and Coast Guard Academy participated in the study. The general health status of the participants was determined by the SF-12 Brief Health Questionnaire, and their sleep quality was determined by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). In the analysis of the data, Spearmans' rho correlation, binomial logistic regression and scatter diagram analysis were used for independent groups. All analyses were performed in the Jamovi 2.3.21.0 analysis programme according to 95% confidence interval and 0.05 significance level. Results: Increased physical and mental health scores of the participants, not smoking, and having a good diet were found to increase the likelihood of improving sleep quality. It was concluded that initial active duty for training, alcohol use, and being in a school team did not predict the likelihood of improving sleep quality. Conclusions: As a result, it may be recommended that military students should have good general health, pay attention to nutrition and avoid smoking to improve low sleep quality.Öğe Predictors of physical activity level, self-reported physical and mental fatigue in sports science students(Univ Peruana Union, 2023) Akpınar, Öznur; Güler, Melek; Yanar, NazlıIn this study, it was aimed to reveal the possibility that physical activity levels of university students predict self-reported fatigue levels. A total of 331 students (female: 130, male: 201) from the Faculty of Sports Sciences of Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University participated in the research voluntarily; and were used Personal information questionnaire, International Physical Activity Questionnaire and Chalder Fatigue Scale. The data collected in the study were analyzed in Jamovi (2.0.0) statistical program with 95% confidence interval and 0.05 significance level. Independent sample t test, Pearson's correlation test, multinomial regression test and scatter diagram were used to analyze the data. Results: Females had significantly higher total fatigue and physical fatigue scores than males, while males had significantly higher total MET scores than females (p<0.05). As the total MET scores of the participants increased, their total fatigue and mental fatigue decreased significantly (p<0.05). The research showed increasing physical activity levels of sport sciences students may decrease self -reported physical and mental fatigue scores.Öğe Development and validation of nutrition knowledge test for high school students using a novel study design: A Rasch analysis(Asoc Espanola Dietistas Nutricionistas, 2022) Makaracı, Yücel; Devrilmez, ErhanIntroduction: The creation of a high-quality, valid, and reliable knowledge test for high school students will contribute to establishing dietary programs more conscious, for individuals and society. The aim of the study is to develop a valid and reliable nutrition knowledge test for high school students. Methodology: Data were collected from 346 high school students age from 14 to 18 years. Rasch modelling was used for validating the test. The expert group followed a five-step test developing process and developed 22 multiple-choice items. Results: Findings indicated that 20 of 22 test items showed high internal consistency and reliability for both test items and person participating in this study. The Wright map indicated a well distributed item difficulties and relatively good person abilities. Conclusions: It is thought that the study findings obtained through the Rasch modelling and the knowledge test created will be a guiding tool in respect of multidimensionality, validity, and reliability for the concept, such as nutrition which is crucial in human life.Öğe Effects of ten biofeedback sessions on athletes' physiological, psychological, and cognitive functioning: a randomized controlled trial with international tennis players(Sage Publications Inc, 2024) Makaracı, Melek; Makaracı, Yücel; Zorba, Erdal; Lautenbach, FranziskaOur aim in this study was to test the effect of 10 sessions of biofeedback (BFB) on physiological, psychological, and cognitive functioning of international tennis players. In this randomized controlled trial, we recruited 16 international tennis players (11 male, 5 female; Mage = 17.31, SD = 0.87 years), who were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (IG; n = 8) or a control group (CG; n = 8). Those in the IG received 10 multimodal BFB sessions over four weeks, while those in the CG received no intervention. We assessed physiological, psychological, and cognitive parameters before and after the intervention and found a positive effect for skin temperature, state anxiety, and cognitive performance in the IG versus the CG. We provide preliminary data that 10 sessions of multimodal BFB improved cognitive functions and reduced anxiety symptoms in international tennis players. Future investigators should consider increasing sample size, incorporating an active CG, and studying these effects across diverse athletic disciplines.Öğe Validation of a common content knowledge test for hiking and camping(Human Kinetics Publ Inc, 2024) Bilgiç, Mert; Uğurlu, Alkan; Devrilmez, Erhan; Dervent, Fatih; Ward, PhillipPurpose: This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable hiking and camping common content knowledge test for Turkish preservice physical education teachers. Method: Participants were 305 physical education students who had previously completed hiking and camping content course in Physical Education Teacher Education. The researchers followed five steps to develop the test. The Rasch model was utilized for data analysis. Results: Findings showed a good item model fit for all items, except Item 4. Results also indicated that the developed test had high internal consistency for both item difficulty and person ability. Overall, the test findings demonstrated good evidence to support the validity and reliability of hiking and camping common content knowledge test. Discussion/Conclusion: The developed test can be used for measuring hiking and camping knowledge level of physical education teachers and Physical Education Teacher Education students.Öğe The impact of sports-based aggression replacement training of juvenile offenders: A randomized controlled study(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Lok, Neslihan; Bademli, Kerime; Temel, Veysel; Lok, SefaPurpose: This study evaluates the Sports-Based Aggression Replacement Training Program, which integrates principles of aggression replacement, social skills training, and physical activity within a structured sporting context. Sports-Based Aggression Replacement Training Program aims to enhance anger management, social skills, and well-being among juvenile offenders. Methods: A randomized controlled trial with a pre-test post-test design was conducted at the Children's Education House in Turkey, involving delinquent children aged 12-18. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental group, receiving the Sports-Based Aggression Replacement Training Program, or the control group. Data collection tools included the Adolescent Anger Assessment Scale, the Social Skills Inventory, and the Five- Dimensional Well-Being Model for Adolescents. Results: Results indicated significant improvements in anger management, social skills, and well-being levels among participants in the experimental group. These findings align with existing literature on the benefits of aggression replacement training and sports participation in enhancing prosocial behaviors and psychosocial wellbeing. Discussion: Despite the study's strengths, including its randomized controlled design, limitations such as sample size and demographic specificity may affect generalizability. Future research should replicate these findings in larger, more diverse populations and explore long-term effects, as well as incorporate qualitative methods for deeper insights.Öğe Olympism through the Eyes of Coaches: Metaphorical Texture and Colors of Sport(2024) Makaracı, Melek; Acar, Gizem Ceylan; Bayrakdar, AkanThis study aims to explore coaches' metaphorical perceptions of the concept of “Olympism.” The research sample consists of 170 coaches (86 male, 84 female) from various sports disciplines, working in both public and private organizations in Turkey during the 2023-2024 academic year. Data were collected using a “metaphor form,” where participants were prompted to complete the sentence: “Olympism is like ...; because …”. Content analysis was employed to examine the responses, leading to the development of categories and themes. The metaphors were organized into five categories, each comprising eleven themes. The most prominent category was ‘values of sport,’ followed by ‘abstract concepts and spiritual development’ and ‘universal values.’. The most frequent metaphors included life, Olympiad, summit, success, harmony, spirit, and sport. These findings indicate that coaches view sport as both a physical and a spiritual journey, emphasizing that Olympism supports athletes' personal and professional development. In the category of “Sport and Ethical Competition,” coaches highlighted that Olympism encompasses ethical values and social contributions in addition to achieving success. In the “Abstract Concepts and Spiritual Development” category, coaches described Olympism as a spiritual journey and a philosophy of life. Meanwhile, in the “Universal Values” category, they conveyed that sport serves as a means of fostering global unity and understanding. Overall, the study highlights that metaphors are an effective means of expressing the complex and multifaceted nature of Olympism.Öğe A FINANCIAL PARADOX IN FOOTBALL: EUROPEAN SUPER LEAGUE(Ataturk Universitesi, 2021) Avşar, Uğur; Kurtipek, Serkan; Güngör, Nuri BerkToday, the increase in global economic capital, the differentiation of the financial structures of the clubs, the rules of Financial Fair Play and the inability of the local leagues to increase their attractiveness at one point have been the scene of the search for leading clubs. In addition, the fact that the desired income from the Champions League, which is the most prestigious organization for clubs, could not be obtained and its structure would change, laid the groundwork for the formation of the European Super League organization. The European Super League, which has been on the agenda at regular intervals since 1998, was announced at midnight on April 18, 2021. The next three days showed that this organization was not well planned and that it had no supporters other than club presidents and shareholders. This situation revealed a controversial result in itself and attracted the attention of sports fans, and an answer to the question of what exactly this structure, which was shelved before it even started, began to be sought. Therefore, in this study; It is aimed to shed light on the subject by examining the history of the ESL, its founding goals, the goals of the clubs and the dissolution process. It is thought that the coming years will pass in financial difficulties for football clubs as a result of the effects of ESL, the financial situation of the clubs, the profitability trends of European leagues and the main problems of football. Although this organization seems to have been put in the fridge, it can be re-organized and developed with the support of the fans and different stakeholders, and it may come to light again in the coming years. © 2021, Ataturk Universitesi. All rights reserved.Öğe The positive emotions: Positive perception and social well-being levels of the university students(Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science, 2023) Temel, Veysel; Tekin, MuratA positive perception situation positively increases the person's worthiness, self-confidence and perspective towards time. The current study determined the relationship between the positive perception and social well-being levels of students during the COVID-19 quarantine period. The study group consisted of 236 students, 110 females and 126 males (mean age=21.30±1.99). Positive perception scale and social well-being scale were used. Skewnesskurtosis normality distribution test was used to determine whether the measurements are suitable for normal distribution. Skewness-kurtosis technique showed normal distribution in all dimensions according to the technique. In the analysis of the study data, Pearson product moment correlation analysis with descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance or MANOVA analyzes scores were performed to determine the relationship between positive perception and social well-being. As a result, it is understood that students have over mid-level of positive perception and mid-level social well-being levels. According to the results of the correlation analysis, it was concluded that there was a positive and meaningful relationship between the social well-being and sub-dimensions of the positive perception scaleÖğe Determination of the effect of sunset yellow on the morphological parameters of male mice during the development period(Elsevier Ltd., 2024) Şensoy, Erhan; Güneş, EdaSunset Yellow (SY), an azo synthetic food dye, is widely used in the food industry. Although there are different opinions on its effect on people, its use is regulated in the European Union. If the Acceptable Daily Intake of 2.5 mg/kg/bw is exceeded, it may have pathological and biochemical effects on organs. There are not enough studies on the effects of SY on growth and development in mammals. This study was conducted to determine the effect of SY on the morphological parameters of mice at different ages (four, eight, and ten weeks old). The treatment and control groups were created with Swiss Albino mice (n: 6). SY was administered orally for 28 days (30 mg/kg/bw/week). On the last day of the study, the mice were weighed, and tail, temporal region, femur, and crown-rubmp-length values were measured using a digital caliper. A statistical difference in average body weight was observed in the SY groups (p < 0.05). SY administration during childhood caused retardation in growth and development parameters. Therefore, SY may cause weight gain and affect morphological parameters. Additional studies are required to investigate the effects of SY at different doses and durations.Öğe Effects of situated game teaching through set plays on badminton tactical knowledge, technical ability, and game performance among Turkish secondary school students(2024) Devrilmez, Erhan; Li, Weidong; Dervent, Fatih; Cabitci, Mustafa; Chen, SenlinBackground: The Situated Game Teaching Through Set Plays (SGTSP) model, a newly proposed curricular model, extends the previous game-based approaches by adopting the Theory of Situated Learning as a framework to focus on the relational and situational nature of the changing relations of all game parameters in a specific momentary game scenario. However, as a new gamebased model, SGTSP warrants further empirical research investigations to establish its effectiveness at advancing student learning such as skill acquisition and game competence. Purpose: To examine the effects of the SGTSP curricular model on secondary school students' tactical knowledge, technical ability, and game performance in badminton when compared with a techniquefocused approach during a 10-lesson unit. Methods: A completely randomized block design with a repeated measure was used to address the research purpose. A sample of 158 sixth graders from eight classes at two Turkish middle schools (67 girls and 89 boys; Mage = 12.62 +/- 0.47) were assigned to either the SGTSP (n= 79 from four classes) or the technique-focused approach conditions (n= 79 from four classes) for the experiment. Assessments were conducted before and after the badminton instructional unit. The statistical models consisted of one of the four technical ability performances, components of game performance, or tactical knowledge as a dependent variable and eight independent variables: teacher, treatment, class nested within teacher and treatment, gender, skill levels, and three 2-way interactions between treatment, gender, and skill levels. A series of repeated-measure multivariate analyses of variance were conducted to analyze the data. Results: Participants in both groups improved tactical knowledge, forehand long serve, forehand clear, smash, and drop skills, and game performances from pre to post. Participants in the SGTSP condition showed significantly greater improvements (eta 2p = .39-.96). Discussion and Conclusion: The findings of this study substantiated the positive effects of the SGTSP model on developing secondary school students' badminton tactical knowledge, technical ability, and game performances in badminton compared with the traditional technique-focused approach.Öğe The predictive effect of basic military training and general health status on sleep quality(Via Medica, 2023) Güler, Melek; Öztürk, Emsal; Yanar, NazlıBackground: Military universities and academies affiliated with the law enforcement provide education for students who are physically and psychologically suitable for this field, unlike other university educations. This education can affect general health because it requires discipline and special effort both practically and theoretically. In this context, the aim of our study is to examine the general health status of military students in terms of some variables. Materials and methods: One hundred twenty-two male students studying at the Gendarmerie and Coast Guard Academy participated in the study. The general health status of the participants was determined by the SF-12 Brief Health Questionnaire, and their sleep quality was determined by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). In the analysis of the data, Spearmans' rho correlation, binomial logistic regression and scatter diagram analysis were used for independent groups. All analyses were performed in the Jamovi 2.3.21.0 analysis programme according to 95% confidence interval and 0.05 significance level. Results: Increased physical and mental health scores of the participants, not smoking, and having a good diet were found to increase the likelihood of improving sleep quality. It was concluded that initial active duty for training, alcohol use, and being in a school team did not predict the likelihood of improving sleep quality. Conclusions: As a result, it may be recommended that military students should have good general health, pay attention to nutrition and avoid smoking to improve low sleep quality.Öğe The acute effect of anaerobic peak power and capacity on antioxidant parameters in basketball players: Cross-sectional research(Türkiye Klinikleri Yayınevi, 2022) Soslu, Recep; Özer, Ömer; Taş, Murat; Uysal, Abdullah; Gündüz, KeremThe aim of this study is to determine the free radical formation and the acute response of the antioxidant mechanism in the neuromuscular fatigue test applied to basketball players. Mate- rial and Methods: A total of 27 professional basketball players (Age: 21.40±2.02 years, Height: 187.93±8.84 cm and Body Weight: 82.51±12.55 kg), actively playing in the Turkish Second Basketball League, constituted the study population. The Wingate anaerobic strength test was used to determine the acute neuromuscular fatigue index of the athletes. Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione, Catalase, Malondialdehyde and blood Lactate values were determined before and after the Want test. Analyzes of intergroup and in group parameters were performed with the Two-Way Repeated Measures MANOVA test. Results: It was determined that the athletes had an increase in the post-test Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione value and there was a statistically significant difference between them and the pre-test (P=0.000). There was no statistically significant difference between the pre-test and post-test Catalase values of the athletes (P=0.217). It was determined that the athletes had an increase in the post-test Malondi- aldehyde value and there was a statistically significant difference be- tween them and the pre-test (P=0.016). It was observed that there was a statistically significant difference of 1.91±0.815 (mmol.L) in the lac- tate pre-test value and 6.44±2.25 (mmol.L) in the post-test value of the athletes (P=0.000). Conclusion: As a result, it can be said that high anaerobic power and capacity cause an increase in antioxidant enzymes in acute neuromuscular fatigue and prevent free radical formation by forming reaction chains.Öğe Ortaokul öğrencilerinin beden eğitimi dersine yönelik sınav kaygılarının incelenmesi(2022) Çiy, Dilem; Devrilmez, Erhan; Dervent, Fatih; Bilgiç, MertBu çalışmanın amacı, ortaokul öğrencilerinin beden eğitimi ve spor dersindeki sınav kaygısı düzeylerinin incelenmesidir. Bu araştırmada yöntemsel model olarak tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Çalışmaya Türkiye’nin farklı coğrafi bölgelerindeki 6 ilinden (İstanbul, Ankara, Hatay, Kütahya, Mersin ve Karaman) toplam 813 (444 kız, 369 erkek) ortaokul öğrencisi katılmıştır. Veri toplama araçları olarak ‘Kişisel Bilgi Formu’ ve ‘Beden Eğitimi Dersi Sınav Kaygı Envanteri’ kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistik ve bağımsız değişkenlerin bağımlı değişkenler üzerine ilişkisini incelemek amacıyla MANOVA analizi tercih edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, sınıf ve cinsiyet değişkenlerinin etkileşim içinde olarak beden eğitiminde sınav kaygısı alt boyutları ile istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca ortaokul öğrencilerinin beden eğitimi sınav kaygılarının orta düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sınıf değişkenine bakıldığında 7. sınıf öğrencilerinin beden eğitimi sınav kaygı düzeylerinin diğer sınıflara göre daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Cinsiyet değişkenini incelendiğinde ise, kız öğrencilerin beden eğitimi sınav kaygı düzeylerinin erkek öğrencilerin beden eğitimi sınav kaygı düzeylerinden daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır.Öğe Effect of physical activity program applied to patients with Alzheimer's disease on cognitive functions and depression level: a randomised controlled study(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2023) Lok, Neslihan; Tosun, Alime Selçuk; Lok, Sefa; Temel, Veysel; Aydın, ZekiyeBackground: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the effect of a physical activity program applied to Alzheimer's disease patients on cognitive functions and depression. Method: This study is a randomised controlled study designed in a pre-test post-test design. It was conducted with 72 patients in total, 36 of whom were interventions and 36 were controls, at the Alzheimer's Day Life Centre. In data collection, a personal information form prepared by the researchers, questioning the socio-demographic characteristics of individuals, Mini Mental Test and Cornell Dementia Depression Scale were used. In the analysis of the data, the homogeneity between the groups in terms of independent variables was evaluated by performing a Chi-square analysis. In the evaluation of cognitive functions and depression levels of the experimental and control groups, t-test was used in the dependent and independent groups. Statistical significance level was accepted as P < 0.05. Results: In the study, the cognitive functions of the experimental group, in which a 12-week physical activity program was applied, were higher than the control group and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). Similarly, the depression scale mean score of the experimental group was found to be better than the depression level of the individuals in the control group, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The 12-week physical activity program applied to Alzheimer's disease patients improved cognitive functions and depression levels of individuals.Öğe A pilot study of the biofeedback training to reduce salivary cortisol level and ımprove mental health in highly-trained female athletes(Springer, 2023) Makaracı, Yücel; Makaracı, Melek; Zorba, Erdal; Lautenbach, FranziskaBiofeedback (BFB) training can provide a useful resource for athletes to cope with stress. However, the effects of BFB training on acute and chronic endocrine stress responses, parasympathetic activity, and mental health in competitive athletes have not been explored yet. This pilot study examined the effects of a 7-week BFB training on psychophysiological parameters in highly trained female athletes. Six highly trained female volleyball players (mean age: 17.50 ± 1.05 years) volunteered to participate in the study. Athletes individually attended 21-session heart rate variability (HRV)-BFB training consisting of six minutes for 7 weeks. A BFB device (Nexus 10) was used to measure the athletes' physiological responses reflecting HRV. To assess the cortisol awakening response (CAR), saliva samples were collected immediately after awakening and 15 min, 30 min, and 60 min post-awakening. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 was filled out before and after the intervention to assess mental health. Furthermore, athletes provided saliva samples during eight sessions pre- and immediately post-session. Mid-day cortisol levels decreased significantly after the intervention. No significant change was observed in CAR and physiological responses after the intervention. A significant decrease in cortisol level was observed in BFB sessions in which cortisol level was assessed, except for two sessions. We concluded that short sessions of 7-week HRV-BFB training could be used as an effective method to control autonomic functions and stress of female athletes. Although the present study provides strong evidence for the psychophysiological well-being of athletes, further investigations with larger samples are needed.
