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    Current Trends In Fenugreek Bıotechnology And Approaches Towards Its Improvement
    (Yayıncı Yok, 2014) Aasim, Muhammad; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood; Yalçın, Gözde; Bakhsh, Allah
    Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) plant is cultivated throughout the world as medicinal, food, condiment, dye, and forage. First biotechnological study was carried out in 1945 that reported the effects of diniconazole, a triazole-type fungicide on cell suspension cultures of fenugreek. It was followed by many studies using cell suspension and callus culture emphasising increased production of protein and economically important metabolites like trigonelline, sapogenin, Isoflavonoid pterocarpans, diosgenin, gitogenin and tigogenin from callus, leaves, stems and roots explants. Plant tissue culture studies have emphasied use of callus, cotyloden, hypocotyls and shoot tip epicotyls, apical meristem, cotyledon node and cotyledon leaf explants. Most of the researchers agree difficulty in in vitro rooting. Protoplast studies have also been reported using leaf mesophyll and root apices. Leaf mesophyl protoplasts could be converted to leafy shoots whereas, root apices protoplasts gave cell colonies or roots only. Genetic transformation studies using Agrobacterium rhizogenes and A. tumefaciens are at initial stages and the genes used in the studies only present transformation with either marker or reporter genes. There is a single report on molecular charachterisation of fenugreek from India using 10 RAPD and ISSR primers that revealed interspecific polymorphysm. A review of all this suggests that plant biotechnology of fenugreek is at initial stages of development and there is lot to do for the improvement and breeding of fenugreek.
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    First report of agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated genetic transformation of aquatic rice paddy herb (Limnophila aromatica)
    (2016) Bakhsh, Allah; Aasim, Muhammad; Zia, Abu Bakir; Doğan, Muhammet; Sadi, Gökhan; Karataş, Mehmet; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood
    The study presents first report of Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation in Rice paddy herb (Linmophila aromatica). A. tumefaciens strain C58C1 harboring pBin19 Plasmid containing ?-glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) gene, under the control of 35S promoter and NOS terminator was used. Shoot tip explants were inoculated for 30 min followed by co-cultivation for 72 h and selected on agar semi solidified MS medium containing 100 mg/l Kanamycin and 1.0 mg/l BA; whereas total number of 78 putative transgenic shoots were obtained. The shoots were rooted on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l IBA and 100 mg/l Kanamycin where 43 plants survived and rooted. Expression of GUS gene in the putative transgenics was confirmed by histochemical GUS assay. Visible localised gus expression was noted in a few cells and callus tissues of 4 plantlets that were photographed using compound light microscope.
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    An insight into cotton genetic engineering (Gossypium hirsutum L.): current endeavors and prospects.
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2015) Bakhsh, Allah; Anayol, Emine; Özcan, Sancar Fatih; Hussain, Tahira; Aasim, Muhammad; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood; Özcan, Sebahattin
    Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is the most significant cash crop and backbone of global textile industry. The importance of cotton can hardly be over emphasized in the economy of cotton-growing countries as cotton and cotton products contribute significantly to the foreign exchange earnings. Cotton breeders have continuously sought to improve cotton's quality through conventional breeding in the past centuries; however, due to limited availability of germplasm with resistant to particular insects, pests and diseases, further advancements in cotton breeding have been challenging. The progress in transformation systems in cotton paved the way for the genetic improvement by enabling the researchers to transfer specific genes among the species and to incorporate them in cotton genome. With the development of first genetically engineered cotton plant in 1987, several characteristics such as biotic (insects, viruses, bacteria and fungi) resistance, abiotic (drought, chilling, heat, salt), herbicide tolerance, manipulation of oil and fiber traits have been reported to date. Genetic engineering has emerged as a necessary tool in cotton breeding programs, strengthening classical strategies to improve yield and yield contributing factors. The current review highlights the advances and endeavors in cotton genetic engineering achieved by researchers worldwide utilizing modern biotechnological approaches. Future prospects of the transgenic cotton are also discussed.
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    Past, present and future of tissue culture and genetic transformation research on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)
    (Current Biology Ltd, 2011) Aasim, Muhammad; Bakhsh, Allah; Khawar, Khalid Mehmood; Özcan, Sebahattin
    Cowpea (Vigna unguiculataL.) is one of the most importantdrought-tolerant summer food legume crop largely cultivated ontens of millions of small farms in the drier zones of Africa withlimited yield due to various biotic and abiotic stresses. It is alsogrown in some Asian, South European, Central and South Ameri-can countries both as food and forage crops. Cowpea can play animportant role in supplementing rural population diet due to itslow cost high protein, high calories, minerals and vitamins. Worlddemand for legume feed protein is increasing gradually due toincreasing demand for animal food products. Therefore, there is adire need to develop new varieties combining traditional and mod-ern biotechnological techniques to meet these future challenges.Reports concerning micropropagation and tissue culture studies ofcowpea started during early 1980s with moderate success in 1990sowing to recalcitrant nature of plant. However, during 2000s manyresearchers developed new protocols to overcome the problemof recalcitrance and consequently micropropagation. This reportreviews past and present tissue culture and genetic transformationresearch on cowpea and also focus on future prospects of cowpearesearch using modern biotechnological techniques
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    Plant biotechnology
    (Hindawi, 2013) Khawar, Khalid Mahmood; Onarıcı, Selma; Özel, Çiğdem Alev; Aasim, Muhammad; Bakhsh, Allah; Rao, Abdul Qayyum
    It is a privilege, pleasure, and honour to present this special issue to the international scientific community. The editorial board is confident that it is a truly good publication; as the papers published in this issue cover a broad spectrum of topics on plant biotechnology, that could be of wide interest
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    RuBisCo small subunit as strong green tissue specific promoter
    (Current Biology Ltd, 2011) Baloch, Faheem Shahzad; Bakhsh, Allah; Aasim, Muhammad
    Transcriptomics has the potential to rapidly increase our knowl-edge of spatial and temporal gene expression and lead to newpromoters for research and development. The availability of abroad-spectrum promoters having the ability to regulate the tem-poral and spatial expression patterns of the transgene can increasethe successful application of transgenic technology and to addresslegitimate concerns raised about the safety and containment oftransgenic plants. Compared with the temporal-specific or spatial-specific expression of the toxin, constitutive expression of foreignproteins in transgenic plants may cause adverse effects. Consti-tutive overexpression of transgenes that interfere with normalprocesses in a plant underscore the need for refinement of trans-gene expression. The development of tissue-specific promoters todrive transgene expression has helped to fulfill that need. There-fore, it is desirable to use expression-specific promoters which onlyexpress the foreign gene in specific plant tissues or organs. Thisstudy highlights the uses and benefits reaped by researchers byusing green tissue specific promoter (RuBisCo small subunit) in dif-ferent crops and systems and establishes a broad range of tissuespecific promoters. Such plant promoters that are activated pre-cisely when and where they are needed would be ideal for geneticengineering strategies.
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    Status of aquatic plant tissue culture in Turkey
    (Current Biology Ltd, 2011) Khawar, Khalid Mahmood; Aasim, Muhammad; Öztürk, Meryem; Bakhsh, Allah; Özcan, Sebahattin; Atar, Hasan Hüseyin
    Many fascinating and attractive plants are grown world wide in aquariums for beauty, to maintain the quality of water besides providing food, shade, shelter and breeding places for many life forms including fish. Global trade has enabled people in Turkey to benefit from the unprecedented movement and establishment of new but locally unknown ornamental aquarium plant species. Local demand for aquatic plants has shown a steady increase in the past few years. In the absence of established propagation systems, local traders import aquatic ornamental plants illegally to meet the high demand of local people. If proper checks and measures are not taken, this may result in pollution of local aquatic ecosystems in the future. Plant tissue culture has made an appreciable contribution to micro-propagation of a wide range of ornamental, horticultural and other plants. However, tissue culture studies in aquatic plants are not impressive, with few published reports. The use of plant tissue culture techniques for the propagation of aquatic plants can help in reaping many benefits and advantages, including preventing threats to environment. This paper reviews efforts to introduce aquatic plant tissue culture along with its present status in Turkey
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    Towards better insect management strategy: restriction of insecticidal gene expression to biting sites in transgenic cotton
    (Springer, 2016) Anayol, Emine; Bakhsh, Allah; Karakoç, Ömer Cem; Onarıcı, Selma; Kom, Deniz; Aasim, Muhammad; Özcan, Sancar Fatih
    Most of the commercialized Bt crops express cry genes under 35S promoter that induces strong gene expression in all plant parts. However, targeted foreign gene expression in plants is esteemed more important as public may be likely to accept 'less intrusive' expression of transgene. We developed plant expression constructs harboring cry1Ac gene under control of wound-inducible promoter (AoPR1) to confine Bt gene expression in insect wounding parts of the plants in comparison with cry1Ac gene under the control of 35S promoter. The constructs were used to transform four Turkish cotton cultivars (GSN-12, STN-468, Ozbek-100 and Ayhan-107) through Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains GV2260 containing binary vectors p35SAcBAR.101 and AoPR1AcBAR.101 harboring cry1Ac gene under control of 35S and AoPR1, respectively. Phosphinothricin (PPT) was used at concentration of 5 mg L-1 for selection of primary transformants. The primary transformants were analyzed for transgene presence and expression standard molecular techniques. The transformants exhibited appreciable mortality rates against larvae of Spodoptera exigua and S. littoralis. It was found that mechanical wounding of T (1) transgenic plants was effective in inducing expression of cry1Ac protein as accumulated levels of cry1Ac protein increased during post-wounding period. We conclude that use of wound-inducible promoter to drive insecticidal gene(s) can be regarded as a valuable insect-resistant management strategy since the promoter activity is limited to insect biting sites of plant. There is no Bt toxin accumulation in unwounded plant organs, seed and crop residues, cotton products and by-products, thus minimizing food and environmental concerns.