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Öğe Azeris and Muslim Ajarians in Georgia: The swing between tolerance and alienation(Cambridge University Press, 2021) Kahraman, AlterThis article focuses on two Muslim groups, Azeris and Muslim Ajarians, who are differently perceived and treated in post-Soviet Georgia. Georgian ethno-religious nationalism bases Georgianness on an ethnic affiliation to Kartvelian roots and religious adherence to Georgian Orthodoxy, and determines one's level of inclusion in the nation accordingly; those who do not fulfill these criteria, such as Azeris, are excluded from the nation. Muslim Ajarians, despite being Georgians, also face exclusion from Georgian identity. Based on the concept of ethnodoxy, which is defined as linking of a group's ethnic identity to its dominant religion, this article argues that Muslim Ajarians, who are Georgian Muslims, an unaccepted category in Georgia, receive differential treatment by their Christian fellows, whereas recognition of the religion and ethnicity of Azeris is a factor that comparatively diminishes the pressure on the community. This research demonstrates that the visibility of Muslim Ajarians' religious practices in the public space and the construction of places of worship is less tolerated than in the case of Azeris, who have no means of becoming proper Georgians. The findings of fieldwork in Georgia manifested that, although minorities have various problems in Georgia, Muslim Ajarians are subjected to more differential treatment than Azeris.Öğe The belt and road initiative: a spatial empirical analysis of economic performance in Central Asia and the South Caucasus(Routledge, 2024) Kahraman, Alter; Özcan, MehmetThis article focuses on China’s FDIs and mutual trade with five Central Asian countries, three South Caucasus countries and Iran within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The study examines how the interaction of mutual foreign trade and China’s FDIs affects longitudinal income changes in these countries and to what extent the empirical evidence can demonstrate the significance of China’s investments and trade on their economic growth. Employing panel-spatial econometric models, the study assesses whether a discernible increase in total income occurred before and after 2013, exploring potential spillover effects from the spatial neighborhoods. The findings from the panel regression model reveal that the labor stock and the amount of foreign direct investments from China do not exhibit a statistically significant effect on the economic growth of these countries. However, the BRI positively impacted these economies, primarily through enhanced trade with China rather than FDIs from China.Öğe Conversion of ajarians to orthodox christianity: different narratives and perceptions(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2019) Aydıngün, Ayşegül; Köksal, Pınar; Kahraman, AlterBased on field research and interviews conducted in both Ajaria and Tbilisi, this article focuses on the different interpretations of the conversion of ethnically Georgian Muslim Ajarians to Orthodox Christianity. It is argued that Orthodox Christianity is an important aspect of self-identification and the national narrative of all Georgians. For many Muslim Ajarians, conversion appears to be a pragmatic act, with the ultimate goal of being recognised as 'fully Georgian' by both state and society.Öğe Lenin bayragı: ‘between two fires'(Ahmet Yesevi University, 2019) Kahraman, AlterCrimean Tatars were en masse deported throughout the USSR from Crimea in 1944. They were forced to live in ‘special settlements’ regime until 1956. After this regime was lifted, some national cultural institutions like the newspaper Lenin Bayragı were established. This article discusses the importance of Lenin Bayragı for Crimean Tatars in exile as a unique publication and its relationship with the National Movement. The document analysis and the interviews show how Lenin Bayragı helped Crimean Tatars protect and develop their national language and find ways to keep alive the memory of Crimea among people despite harsh censorship.Öğe Stalin Dönemi (1928-53) Sovyet Tarih Yazımında Türkistan_Orta Asya(2023) Kahraman, AlterBu makale Sovyet tarihçiliğinde milliyetler meselesini ve bağlantılı olarak tarih yazımındaki değişimleri incelemektedir. Sovyetler Birliği’ndeki politik, sosyal, iktisadi ve askeri değişimler ve kırılmalar tarihsel çalışmaların ve tarih yazımındaki milliyetlere yönelik söylemin değişmesine neden olmuştur. Diğer bir deyişle, söylem değişimleri siyasi gelişmeleri takip etmiş ve siyasi önceliklere göre değişmiştir. Sovyet tarih yazımında dönemselleştirme, Sovyetler Birliği Komünist Partisi’nin yerel milliyetçiliklere yönelik politikalarını nasıl değiştirdiğine ve buna uygun olarak Sovyet tarihçiliğinin milliyetler meselesiyle ilgili söylemlerindeki değişime atıf yapmaktadır. Sovyet tarih yazımında milliyetler meselesi kapsamındaki tartışmalar, yerli halkların, yani Rus olmayanların, Çarlık Rusya’sı yönetimine nasıl yaklaşacakları, kendi geçmişlerine, tarihlerine, kahramanlarına, onların eylemlerine ne kadar odaklanacakları, tarihi ve milli şahsiyetleri ne kadar yüceltecekleri, Çarlık yönetiminin sömürgeci olup olmadığı ve Rus Çarlığına karşı yapılan isyanların gerici mi yoksa ilerici mi olduğu gibi konuları içermektedir. Bu gibi konular Stalin dönemi Orta Asya Sovyet tarihçiliğine egemen olmuş ve merkezin politikaları değiştiğinde tarihçiler de görüşlerini siyasal değişimlere uydurup güncellemişlerdir. 70 yıllık Sovyetler Birliği deneyimi birçok konuda olduğu gibi tarih yazımında da birbiriyle uyuşmayan farklı eğilimleri içermiş, bir dönem Rus milliyetçiliği baskı altında kalır yerel milliyetçiliklerin gelişmesine izin verilirken takip eden dönemde ise yerel milliyetçilikler baskıdan payına düşeni almıştır. 1930’lardan itibaren Türkistan gibi Sovyetler Birliği’nin bazı bölgelerinde birleştirici tarih anlatısı yasaklanıp Orta Asya halklarının ortak bir geçmiş algısına sahip olması engellenirken ülkenin batısında Slav halkları açısından tam tersi bir politika izlenmiştir.Öğe Transformation of Identity among Slavic Muslim Pomaks in Bulgaria and Georgian Muslim Ajarians in Georgia: A Comparative Analysis(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Kahraman, Alter; Aydıngün, AyşegülThis article comparatively analyses the identity transformation of Pomaks and Ajarians, two Muslim minorities living with Orthodox majorities. Based on semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted in Bulgaria and Georgia, it is argued that minorities who share more commonalities with the titular community have great difficulty with integrating into the national identity. That is, Pomaks and Ajarians, whose religious affiliations differ from the titular community, are more discriminated against than other minorities. This article also discusses how state policies such as name changes and conversions directed to both minorities have had a vital impact on their identity transformation. It further discusses the varying forms of boundary maintenance. Pomaks adopted various identities due to their interactions with different groups unlike Ajarians, who adopted only the Georgian identity.
