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    Graphene-Based Electrochemical Aptasensors
    (Wiley Blackwell, 2019) Özalp, V. Cengiz; Karabıyık, Göktuğ; Bayraç, A. Tahir; Uçak, Samet; Tuna, Bilge G.
    Graphene has remarkable electrical, thermal, and mechanical characters and has been widely used in biosensor development. Various graphene-based materials, including graphene oxide (GO), an aqueous dispersible oxygenated derivative of graphene, have been widely successfully utilized in molecular hybrids or biocompatible scaffolds or substrates, and patterned carbon films after being chemically reduced or modified to tune the material properties. Aptamers are short oligonucleotides that bind targets with high specificity and affinity (in the nanomolar or picomolar ranges). Aptamers have been selected for targets with varying degrees of complexity, from small molecules to whole cells or tissues. Aptamers have high potential as diagnostic and therapeutic tools, with many advantages when compared with antibodies, including their smaller size-which improves access to biological environments "hidden" from antibodies-their lack of immunogenicity, and the lower cost and higher reproducibility of nucleotide production. In addition, aptamers can be chemically modified to become more stable, labeled with fluorophores or other reporters, and can be easily truncated to eliminate sequences not important for interaction. These valuable properties make aptamers flexible and powerful tools for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In this chapter, we plan to focus on graphene-aptamer combinations in order to obtain selective and highly sensitive biosensors for medical and food safety purposes. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.